The study confirms the observation that “smokers drink and drinkers smoke". In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between nicotine addiction and the severity of affective disorders in hospital patients with alcohol dependence. The study involved 105 inpatient patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence. They were provided with SCID-I, AUDIT, Fagerstrom test for nicotine addiction, Hamilton Depression and Anxiety assessment scale. The results showed that the average severity of affective disorders was high in patients with alcohol dependence and nicotine addiction, but there was no significant difference between nicotine-dependent and independent groups in the severity of affective disorders. Comparative studies between smoking patients with alcohol dependence and various smoking or non-smoking groups with affective disorders can provide valuable information.
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Purpose of the study: to study the influence of hormonal factors in young people with arterial hypertension against a background of obesity. 81 patients (43 men and 38 women) of young age (from 18 to 44 years) with arterial hypertension and abdominal obesity were examined. Depending on the presence of arterial hypertension and excess body weight. In young people with normal weight, as well as in obese people, cardiometabolic changes can be detected, which allows for the timely diagnosis of these disorders and the implementation of effective strategies for the primary prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
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The formation of the elemental composition of the organism in the process of ontogenesis is dictated by its current physiological need for macro and microelements, and is also significantly influenced by biogeochemical factors and the degree of environmental pollution with toxic elements (Revich B.A., 1996; SaetYu.E. et al., 1990). Deviation in the intake of macro- and microelements into the body, a violation of their ratio in the diet directly affects the activity of the body, can reduce or increase its resistance, and hence the ability to adapt (Kovalevsky V.V., 1982; Rikhvanov L.P. and et al., 1993; Agadzhanyan HA et al., 1998; Skalny AB, Kudrin AB, 2000; Suslikov V.L., 2000; Agadzhanyan HA, Skalny AB, 2001).
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GON characterized progressive metabolic violated niyami in the ONH. Its development is based on apoptosis of GCS. Trigger factor this type of "programmed" cell death is an increase in IOP with subsequent development hypoxia, a decrease in the concentration in the cells neurotrophic factor of the brain and a local increase in con- concentration of glutamates [2]. GON is characterized by the absence of an acute onset and steady Among other links in the pathogenesis of GON, an important place is occupied by: thermal disorders, heat shock proteins, vascular pathology, mitochon- drial dysfunction, inflammation and immunity
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The term "neuroprotection" came to ophthalmology from neurology. Neuroprotective therapy — Events, directed on prevent- rotation of the cascade of reactions leading to damage to neurons and caused by nyh, mainly, ischemia. We are talking about sequentially developing reactions, when in pathological process involves more and more new neurons, and surrounding the affected tissues stinging them themselves become a source of pathological influences. In this regard, neuroprotective treatment should be carried out in within the so-called "therapeutic window", when the defeat of the nervous fabrics more gone irreversible
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Along with the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, the problem of damage to the organ of vision as a result of uncompensated dyslipidemia remains relevant. With dyslipidemia, a systemic vascular lesion develops - endotheliosis. The bulbar conjunctiva and vessels of the eyeball have been sufficiently studied to date in almost all somatic conditions, including arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome [1]. Optic disc diseases can be divided into three main groups: inflammatory (neuritis, papillitis), vascular (optic nerve ischemia), and degenerative (optic nerve atrophy) [2]. Pathology of the optic nerve is characterized by variability of complaints and symptoms. According to researchers, in the period from 2018 to 2020, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy was more often diagnosed in people over 60 years of age [3; 4]. There is also an increase in the incidence, an increase in the number of young patients among the sick [4]. Visualization of the optic nerve head (OND) is informative for ascertaining changes in the nervous tissue and vascular bundle. Vascular and inflammatory pathologies of the optic disc during fundus ophthalmoscopy have a similar picture (edema of the optic disc and cotton wool-like edema of the retina around it; the presence of small hemorrhages in the form of stripes on the surface of the disc and in the peripapillary zone located in the layer of nerve fibers; possible formation of "soft exudate" on the surface of the optic disc) [1; 3; 4]. Macular edema should set the ophthalmologist to a multidisciplinary approach with additional laboratory studies to establish its etiology, which will determine the further tactics of patient management. So, in the presence of macular edema, it is necessary to exclude the presence of immunoinflammatory, infectious, oncological and metabolic diseases that can occur with the phenomena of vascular endotheliosis [5]. Therefore, it is not always possible to understand the etiology of the process, based only on ophthalmoscopy data. To verify the vascular or inflammatory lesions of the ONH, it is possible to use the index of peripheral blood, a marker of viral infections. In addition, it is necessary to exclude the viral etiology of the lesion leading to vascular endotheliosis.
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Optic nerve atrophy (ONA) can be considered as the outcome of diseases of the optic nerve of various origins. Decreased visual function in patients with ASD persists for many years and significantly impairs the patient's quality of life. Various methods of treating subatrophy or atrophy of the optic nerve (ON) are aimed at the rehabilitation of patients with this pathology. Currently, ASD is one of the severe diseases of the optic nerve, which leads to irreversible low vision and blindness. The level of disability in patients with AD is on average 13.24% of the total pathology of the organ of vision [1]. The importance of the problem is due to the general increase in the number of patients with atrophies of various origins, given that in most cases they occur in young patients [2]. In most patients with ON pathology, there is a significant progression of the pathological process, as well as an increase in the severity of the disease, which subsequently leads to irreversible changes in visual functions
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One of the important factors which shows teacher`s professional skill is teacher`s talent of communicating with his students. Especially his oral effecting through word embodied in teacher`s communicating talent, his talent of encountering will be basement on his.
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One of the important means of implementing the teacher's pedagogical skills is his ability to com-municate with students. The ability to influence students, the ability to communicate, and the teacher's com¬municative abilities contribute to achieving success in educational activities. This article presents judgments based on pedagogical experience to develop the teacher's ability to teach.
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