20.05.2023 International Scientific Journal "Science and Innovation". Series D. Volume 2 Issue 5
Abstract. In this article, we review the latest laboratory diagnostic technologies and methods for SARS-CoV-2 and consider ways to improve the disease monitoring system for developing preventive measures aimed at preventing the disease and managing the outbreak.
Keywords: COVID-19, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), serological testing, antigen testing, monitoring system.
1. Mahase E. Covid-19: WHO declares pandemic because of “alarming levels” of spread, severity, and inaction. BMJ. 2020;368:m1036. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1036. 2. Wu YC, Chen CS, Chan YJ. The outbreak of COVID-19: an overview. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 2020;83:217–220. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270. 3. Sohrabi C, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Int. J. Surg. 2020;76:71–76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034. 4. Greaney A, et al. Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:463–476.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.003. 5. Mandala, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse events in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: an observational prospective study. J. Immunother. Cancer9, 10.1136/jitc-2020-001694 (2021). 6. Guan WJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382:1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. 7. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2020;324:782–793. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12839. 8. Udugama B, et al. Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano. 2020;14:3822–3835. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02624. 9. Waller JV, et al. Diagnostic tools for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): comparing CT and RT-PCR viral nucleic acid testing. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2020;215:834–838. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.23418. 10. Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur. Radiol. 2020;30:4381–4389. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0. 11. Pereira RM, Bertolini D, Teixeira LO, Silla CN, Costa YMG. COVID-19 identification in chest X-ray images on flat and hierarchical classification scenarios. Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed. 2020;194:105532. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105532. 12. Loor K, et al. Safety, diagnostic, and therapeutic value of flexible bronchoscopy in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Can. J. Anaesth. 2020;68:434–435. doi: 10.1007/s12630-020-01887-y. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 13. Lan L, et al. Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID-19. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2020;323:1502–1503. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2783. 14. Liu C, et al. Evaluation of droplet digital PCR for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 virus in discharged COVID-19 patients. Aging. 2020;12:20997–21003. doi: 10.18632/aging.104020. 15. Nagura-Ikeda, M. et al. Clinical evaluation of self-collected saliva by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), direct RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and a rapid antigen test to diagnose COVID-19. J. Clin. Microbiol.58, 10.1128/JCM.01438-20 (2020). 16. Hou T, et al. Development and evaluation of a rapid CRISPR-based diagnostic for COVID-19. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16:e1008705. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008705. 17. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Soufi GJ, Iravani S, Varma RS. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology-associated innovations against viral infections with a focus on coronaviruses.Nanomaterials. 2020;10:1072. doi: 10.3390/nano10061072. 18. Jin C, et al. Development and evaluation of an artificial intelligence system for COVID-19 diagnosis. Nat. Commun. 2020;11:5088. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18685-1. 19. World Health Organization 2020.Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2: Interim. (World Health Organization 2020). 20. National Health Commission of the PRC. Guidance for Corona Virus Disease 2019: Prevention, Control, Diagnosis and Management. (National Health Commission of the PRC2020). 21. Mallett S, et al. At what times during infection is SARS-CoV-2 detectable and no longer detectable using RT-PCR-based tests? A systematic review of individual participant data. BMC Med. 2020;18:346. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01810-8. 22. He X, et al. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat. Med. 2020;26:672–675. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5. 23. Zhou F, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. 24. Avanzato VA, et al. Case study: prolonged infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding from an asymptomatic immunocompromised individual with cancer. Cell. 2020;183:1901–1912 e1909. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.049. 25. Ye X, et al. Low humoral immune response and ineffective clearance of SARS-Cov-2 in a COVID-19 patient with CLL during a 69-day follow-up. Front. Oncol. 2020;10:1272. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01272. 26. Mei F, et al. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay in pleural fluid. Chest. 2020;158:e143–e146. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.583. 27. Tang A, et al. Detection of novel coronavirus by RT-PCR in stool specimen from asymptomatic child, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020;26:1337–1339. doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200301. 28. Ai T, et al. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology. 2020;296:E32–e40. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200642. 29. Hui Y, et al. Micro-droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction technologies provide highly sensitive and accurate detection of zika virus. Virologica Sin. 2018;33:270–277. doi: 10.1007/s12250-018-0037-y. 30. Gutiérrez-Aguirre I, Rački N, Dreo T, Ravnikar M. Droplet digital PCR for absolute quantification of pathogens. Methods Mol. Biol. 2015;1302:331–347. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2620-6_24. 31. Makris K, Haliassos A, Chondrogianni M, Tsivgoulis G. Blood biomarkers in ischemic stroke: potential role and challenges in clinical practice and research. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2018;55:294–328. doi: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1461190. 32. Thompson C, et al. COVID-19 outbreak—New York City, February 29-June 1, 2020. Mmwr. Morbidity Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2020;69:1725–1729. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a2. 33. María F, et al. Overall management of emergency general surgery patients during the surge of the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of procedures and outcomes from a teaching hospital at the worst hit area in Spain. Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg. 2021;47:693–702. doi: 10.1007/s00068-020-01558-z. 34. Tang H, et al. Serologic detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections in hemodialysis centers: a multicenter retrospective study in Wuhan, China. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2020;76:490–499.e491-499. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.06.008. 35. Wu L, et al. Clinical significance of the serum IgM and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 in coronavirus disease-2019. J. Clin. Lab. Analy. 2021;35:e23649. 36. Muench, P. et al. Development and validation of the elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay as a highly specific tool for determining past exposure to SARS-CoV-2. J. Clin. Microbiol.58, 10.1128/jcm.01694-20 (2020). 37. Münzel T, et al. Effects of tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and waterpipe smoking on endothelial function and clinical outcomes. Eur. Heart J. 2020;41:4057–4070. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa460. 38. Kandeel M, Ibrahim A, Fayez M, Al-Nazawi M. From SARS and MERS CoVs to SARS-CoV-2: moving toward more biased codon usage in viral structural and nonstructural genes. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:660–666. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25754. 39. Wu A, et al. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27:325–328. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001. 40. Eshghifar N, Busheri A, Shrestha R, Beqaj S. Evaluation of analytical performance of seven rapid antigen detection kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2021;14:435–440. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S297762. 41. Porte L, et al. Evaluation of a novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020;99:328–333. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.098. 42. Igli Z, et al. Clinical evaluation of Roche SD biosensor rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 in municipal health service testing site, the Netherlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2021;27:1323–1329. doi: 10.3201/eid2705.204688. 43. Chen S, et al. Multicenter evaluation of two chemiluminescence and three lateral flow immunoassays for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and assessment of antibody dynamic responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Taiwan. Emerg.Microbe. Infect. 2020;9:2157–2168. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1825016. 44. Ozcan, E. et al. The relationship between positivity for COVID-19 RT-PCR and symptoms, clinical findings, and mortality In Turkey.Expert Rev. Mol. Diagnostic.1–6, 10.1080/14737159.2021.1882305 (2021). 45. Petrosillo N, et al. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clin.Microbiol. Infect. 2020;26:729–734. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026. 46. Emani V, et al. Randomised controlled trials for COVID-19: evaluation of optimal randomisation methodologies-need for data validation of the completed trials and to improve ongoing and future randomised trial designs. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2021;57:106222. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106222. 47. OʻLeary, T. J. T. J. o. m. d. J. Relative sensitivity of saliva and upper airway swabs for initial detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in ambulatory patients: rapid review. J. Mol. Diagnostic. 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.12.008 (2021). 48. Sun Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical predictors of COVID-19. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020;71:786–792. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa322. 49. Wu, M. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among healthcare workers in Hubei Province, China. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1–7, 10.1017/ice.2020.1321 (2020). 50. Zhou J, et al. Observation and analysis of 26 cases of asymptomatic SARS-COV2 infection. J. Infect. 2020;81:e69–e70. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.028. 51. Zhao, Y. et al. Longitudinal COVID-19 profiling associates IL-1RA and IL-10 with disease severity and RANTES with mild disease. JCI Insight5, ARTN e139834 (2020). 52. Feng, X. B. et al. Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of severe patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Front. Med.-Lausanne7, ARTN 491 (2020). 53. Mamatqulov B.M., Nematov A.A. “Surunkali kasalliklari bor bemorlarda COVID-19 kasalligikechishining oʻziga xos xususiyatlari”. // ТТА ахборотномаси, 2022; 1:179-182 54. Mamatkulov, B., Urazaliyeva, I., Tolipova, G., & Musayeva, O. (2023). The Significance of Factors in Forming Attitude to Immunophrophylaxis and the Problems of Immunophrophylaxis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SYSTEMS AND MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2(4), 7-14. 55. Mamatkulov, B., Tolipova, G., Adilova, Z., & Nematov, A. (2023). ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИММУНОПРОФИЛАКТИКИ: ФАКТОРЫ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ К ИММУНОПРОФИЛАКТИКЕ. 56. Mamatkulov, B. M., Nematov, A. A., & Bakhora, V. U. (2022). The Role of Social-Hygienic and Medical-Biological Factors in the Spread of Coronavirus Infection (SARS-CoV-2) Among the Population. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 12(9), 943-947. 57. Касимова, Д. А., & Нематов, А. А. (2019). ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИММУНОПРОФИЛАКТИКИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГРИППА. Интернаука, (15-1), 38-40. 58. Mamatkulov B., Turayev B., Urinova U. Assessment of Risk Factors Affecting the Reproductive Health of Men Living in Uzbekistan. – 2022.
SCIENCE & INNOVATION