Abstract. In this article, we see that trade and economic relations between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan are developing more and more, despite the extremely difficult and confusing situation in Afghanistan, and as proof of this, many projects are being implemented. There has been a lot of news lately about neighboring Afghanistan. Currently, this issue is relevant only against the backdrop of unrest there. But there are projects related to Afghanistan, where peace is important not only for this country, but also for neighboring countries. And this article discusses the Afghanistan-related railway project. The article deeply analyzes the significance of the Mazar-i-Sharif-Herat railway project. At the moment, experts in this field are actively discussing opinions and disputes about the strategic importance and prospects of this project. And a lot of work is being done on the relevance of this project.